Метою дослідження було визначення проблемних аспектів захисту прав орендарів комерційної нерухомості в умовах дії кризових явищ, що призводять до економічної нестабільності. У результаті проведеного дослідження було підтверджено, що ситуація в сфері оренди комерційної нерухомості в Україні через вплив таких явищ як пандемія та війна, що призвели до економічної нестабільності, суттєво погіршилася. За результатами дослідження української законодавчої бази засвідчено, що із початком пандемії у ній було запроваджено адекватні механізми захисту прав орендарів (відстрочки виплат орендної плати, мораторій на виселення та ін.). Проте, аналіз судової практики України довів, що ці механізми не завжди належним чином захищають права орендаря на практиці. В процесі аналізу міжнародного досвіду щодо захисту прав орендарів в умовах пандемії було виявлено низку ефективних механізмів захисту, що застосовувалися в окремих країнах. Ці механізми можуть бути адаптовані під українські реалії з метою покращення ефективності захисту прав орендарів. Водночас, було відзначено, що фактично у будь-якому законодавстві орендар має довести, що погіршення його фінансового становища було спричинене саме дією надзвичайних обставин, що дозволить зберегти баланс у правах та обов’язках орендарів та орендодавців на засадах принципів розумності та справедливості. Відповідно, важливо приділити увагу розробці ефективних механізмів доведення цього факту з боку орендарів із належним закріпленням у законодавчій базі
договірні відносини; відстрочка оплати; мораторій на виселення; дострокове припинення договору; форс-мажор; надзвичайні обставини
[1] Act to Mitigate the Consequences of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Civil, Insolvency and Criminal Procedure Law of Germany. (2020, March). Retrieved from https://dip.bundestag.de/vorgang/gesetz-zur-abmilderung-der-folgen-der-covid-19-pandemie-im-zivil-insolvenz/260576.
[2] Aleynik, N. (2023). Active adaptation: How the commercial property market is transforming. Retrieved from https://banker.ua/uk/projects/yak-transformuyetsya-rinok-komercijnoi-neruxomosti/.
[3] Allan, R., Liusman, E., Lu, T., & Tsang, D. (2021). The COVID-19 pandemic and commercial property rent dynamics. Journal of Risk and Financial Management, 14(8), article number 60. doi: 10.3390/jrfm14080360.
[4] Będowska-Sójka, B., Demir, E., & Zaremba, A. (2022). Hedging geopolitical risks with different asset classes: A focus on the Russian invasion of Ukraine. Finance Research Letters, 50, article number 103192. doi: 10.1016/j.frl.2022.103192.
[5] Ciuriak, D. (2022). The economic consequences of Russia’s war on Ukraine. Verbatim, CD Howe Institute, 11. doi: 10.2139/ssrn.4067766.
[6]
Civil Code of Austria. (2017, November). Retrieved from https://natlex.ilo.org/dyn/natlex2/r/natlex/fe/details?p3_isn=42818.
[7]
Civil Code of Italy. (1942, March). Retrieved from https://www.brocardi.it/codice-civile/.
[8] Civil Code of Netherlands. (1992, January). Retrieved from https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0005290/2024-07-01.
[9] Civil Code of Ukraine. (2003, January). Retrieved from https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/435-15#Text.
[10] Commercial Code of Ukraine. (2003, January). Retrieved from https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/436-15#Text.
[11] Commercial property rental market starts to revive. (2022). Retrieved from https://minfin.com. ua/ua/2022/07/07/88390977/.
[12] Decree-Law of Italy No. 18 “Measures to Strengthen the National Health Service and Provide Economic Support for Families, Workers and Businesses Related to the Epidemiological Emergency from COVID-19”. (2020, March). Retrieved from https://www.gazzettaufficiale.it/eli/ id/2020/03/17/20G00034/s.
[13] Decree-Law of Italy No. 34 “On Urgent Measures Regarding Health, Support for Employment, and the Economy, as well as Social Policies, Related to the COVID-19 Epidemiological Emergency”. (2020, May). Retrieved from https://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/legislation/details/19854.
[14] Expert opinion. Commercial property lease: Pitfalls in contracts. (2024). Retrieved from http:// surl.li/oktwko.
[15] Hanechko, I. (2023). Real estate development: European trends. Foreign Trade: Economics, Finance, Law, 130(5), 97-112. doi: 10.31617/3.2023(130)07.
[16] Hart, D.K. (2021). If past is prologue, then the future is bleak: Contracts, COVID-19, and the changed circumstances doctrines. Texas A&M Law Review, 9, article number 347. doi: 10.2139/ ssrn.3785621.
[17] Izzeldin, M., Muradoğlu, Y.G., Pappas, V., Petropoulou, A., & Sivaprasad, S. (2023). The impact of the Russian-Ukrainian war on global financial markets. International Review of Financial Analysis, 87, article number 102598. doi: 10.1016/j.irfa.2023.102598.
[18] Januarita, R., & Sumiyati, Y. (2021). Legal risk management: Can the COVID-19 pandemic be included as a force majeure clause in a contract? International Journal of Law and Management, 63(2), 219-238. doi: 10.1108/IJLMA-05-2020-0140.
[19] Law of France No. 2020-290 “On Emergency Measures to Deal with the Covid-19 Epidemic”. (2020, March). Retrieved from https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/loda/id/JORFTEXT000041746313.
[20] Law of Portugal No. 1-A/2020 “Exceptional and Temporary Measures to Respond to the Epidemiological Situation Caused by the SARS-CoV-2 Coronavirus and COVID-19 Disease”. (2020, March). Retrieved from https://dre.pt/application/conteudo/130473088.
[21] Law of Ukraine No. 1071-IX “On Social Support for Insured Persons and Business Entities for the Period of Restrictive Anti-epidemic Measures Introduced to Prevent the Spread of Acute Respiratory Disease COVID-19 Caused by the SARS-CoV-2 Coronavirus in Ukraine”. (2020, December). Retrieved from https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/1071-20#Text.
[22] Law of Ukraine No. 530-IX “On Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of Ukraine Aimed at Preventing the Occurrence and Spread of Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19)”. (2020, March). Retrieved from https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/530-20#Text.
[23] Law of Ukraine No. 540-IX “On Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of Ukraine Aimed at Providing Additional Social and Economic Guarantees in Connection with the Spread of Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19)”. (2020, March). Retrieved from https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/540-20#Text.
[24] Mak, V. (2022). Covid-19 and long-term contracts. European Review of Private Law, 30(3), 419-422. doi: 10.54648/erpl2022021.
[25] Manville, M., Monkkonen, P., Lens, M.C., & Green, R. (2023). Renter nonpayment and lessor response: Evidence from COVID-19. Housing Policy Debate, 33(6), 1333-1367. doi: 10.1080/10511482.2022.2085761.
[26] Martin, C., Sisson, A., & Thompson, S. (2023). Reluctant regulators? Rent regulation in Australia during the COVID-19 pandemic. International Journal of Housing Policy, 23(4), 783-803. doi: 10.1080/19491247.2021.1983246.
[27] Order of Court of Pisa. (2020, June). Retrieved from https://iusletter.com/wp-content/uploads/Trib.-di-Pisa-30.06.2020.pdf.
[28] Ordinance of Sweden No. 2020:237 “On State Aid When Certain Lessees of Premises Have Received a Discount on Rent”. (2020, April). Retrieved from http://surl.li/wzstwm.
[29] Ordinance of the Federal Minister of Social Affairs, Health, Care and Consumer Protection of Germany “On the Relaxation of the Measures Taken to Combat the Spread of COVID-19”. (2020, April). Retrieved from http://surl.li/vblgpl.
[30] Ratusznik, P. (2024). The Amount of Rent Under the CoVid-19 Pandemic. Between Poland and Germany. In Polish entrepreneurial law in the era of the COVID-19 pandemic: Problems and challenges (pp. 95-109). Cham: Springer International Publishing. doi: 10.1007/978-3-031-57480-1_7.
[31] Resolution of Grand Chamber of the Supreme Court in Case No. 910/7495/16. (2018, May). Retrieved from http://surl.li/zwtsjx.
[32] Resolution of Supreme Commercial Court of Ukraine in Case No. 922/2531/15. (2016, March). Retrieved from http://surl.li/udvzrx.
[33] Resolution of the Supreme Court Composed of the Panel of Judges of the Commercial Court of Cassation in Case No. 911/3067/20. (2021, October). Retrieved from http://surl.li/hzpfda.
[34] Resolution of the Supreme Court Composed of the Panel of Judges of the Commercial Court of Cassation in Case No. 910/7679/22. (2023, September). Retrieved from http://surl.li/bdtbht.
[35] Resolution of the Supreme Court Composed of the Panel of Judges of the Commercial Court of Cassation in Case No. 914/675/22. (2023, April). Retrieved from http://surl.li/bpekmy.
[36] Richardson, L. (2021). The impact of COVID-19 on service charges in commercial properties.
Journal of Building Survey, Appraisal & Valuation, 10(1), 62-71. doi: 10.69554/TAWB2572.
[37] Ricotta, P.J., & Walsh, K.R. (2020). Mothballing motions from retail debtors to avoid lease payments due to COVID-19 pandemic. Retrieved from http://surl.li/jumfjv.
[38] Royal Decree of Spain No. 463/2020 “A state of alarm for the management of the health crisis situation caused by COVID-19”. (2020, March). Retrieved from http://surl.li/jmiwup.
[39] Schindler, S., & Zale, K. (2020). How the law fails lessees (and not just during a pandemic). UCLA Law Review Discourse, 68, 146-158.
[40] Support agreement for lessees and lessors of retail space: Postponement does not lead to cancellation, or does it? (2020). Retrieved from http://surl.li/xmstfx.
[41] Tax Code of Ukraine. (2010, December). Retrieved from https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/2755-17#Text.
[42] Temporary Emergency Bridging Measure for Employment (NOW). (2020). Retrieved from http://surl.li/mvucxq.
[43] The impact of COVID-19 on litigation across Europe. (2020). Retrieved from http://surl.li/kwvkww.
[44] The impact of COVID-19 on litigation across Europe. (2021). Retrieved from http://surl.li/qnzdjq.
[45] Ti, E.S. (2022). Of lessors and lessees: Property in the midst of a pandemic. Statute Law Review, 43(3), 284-303. doi: 10.1093/slr/hmab018.
[46] Viljoen, S.M. (2020). The impact of the COVID-19 regulations on rent obligations. De Jure Law Journal, 53(1), 353-368. doi: 10.17159/2225-7160/2020/v53a22.
[47] Wolf, M.A. (2020). COVID-19 Pandemic and real property law: An early assessment of relief measures for lessees and residential mortgagors. Powell on Real Property. doi: 10.2139/ ssrn.3623281.
[48] Zachariasiewicz, M. (2023). The lease of commercial premises in time of COVID-19: The decision of the german bundesgerichtshof of 12 January 2022 from a Polish perspective. European Review of Private Law, 31(2/3), 627-642. doi: 10.54648/erpl2023015.