Intellectual rights of manufacturers of personal protective equipment in the context of national security threats: Between protection of intellectual property rights and the need for open innovation

Oleg Makarevych
Abstract

The purpose of this study was to examine the mechanisms for regulating and protecting intellectual property rights in the context of the production of personal protective equipment in the context of a threat to national security. To this end, the study analysed Ukrainian legislation and international regulations governing intellectual property rights, particularly those of manufacturers of personal protective equipment. Thus, in the context of a threat to national security, the intellectual property rights of Ukrainian manufacturers of personal protective equipment were found to be crucial due to the military conflict and the need to protect both the population and the armed forces. The state must guarantee access to vital technologies while respecting the rights of producers, which makes the issue of intellectual property particularly relevant considering the growing demand for the latest developments in the personal protective equipment sector. Cooperation with international partners in the field of technology and intellectual property protection can help develop national production of personal protective equipment and reduce dependence on imported supplies. Government agencies should focus on developing policies that promote the protection of intellectual property rights and provide mechanisms to support manufacturers in critical situations. Raising awareness of producers about their rights and opportunities to protect intellectual property is a crucial step in strengthening their market position. It is essential to strike a balance between the protection of intellectual property rights and the needs of society in the context of a threat to national security. Governments should consider temporary relaxation of rights in times of crisis to ensure overall security

Keywords

public interest; patent law; external situations; licensing; COVID-19; military conflict

Suggested citation
Makarevych, O. (2024). Intellectual rights of manufacturers of personal protective equipment in the context of national security threats: Between protection of intellectual property rights and the need for open innovation. Law. Human. Environment, 15(4), 47-60. https://doi.org/10.31548/law/4.2024.47
References

[1] Abbott, F.M., & Reichman, J.H. (2020). Facilitating access to cross-border supplies of patented pharmaceuticals: The case of the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of International Economic Law, 23(3), 535-561. doi: 10.1093/jiel/jgaa022.

[2] Agreement on Patent Cooperation. (1970, June). Retrieved from https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/ show/895_001#Text.

[3] Agreement on Trade Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights. (1994, April). Retrieved from https:// ips.ligazakon.net/document/MU94465.

[4] Analytics from EUIPO: Violations of intellectual property rights in EU countries. (2023). Retrieved from https://nipo.gov.ua/porushennia-prav-iv-krainy-eu/.

[5] Auriol, E., Biancini, S., Paillacar, R., Gourdon, J., & Savoye, B. (2022). Intellectual property rights protection and trade: An empirical analysis. AFD Research Papers. Retrieved from https://shs. cairn.info/journal-afd-research-papers-2022-240-page-1.

[6] Bauchner, H., Fontanarosa, P.B., & Livingston, E.H. (2020). Conserving supply of personal protective equipment – a call for ideas. Jama, 323(19), article number 1911. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.4770.

[7] Cohen, J., & van der Meulen Rodgers, Y. (2020). Contributing factors to personal protective equipment shortages during the COVID-19 pandemic. Preventive Medicine, 141, article number 106263. doi: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2020.106263.

[8] Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council No. 2004/48/EC “On the Enforcement of Intellectual Property Rights”. (2004, April). Retrieved from https://zakononline.com.ua/ documents/show/253506 253571.

[9] DSTU R: 50744:2009. (2009). Retrieved from https://forma-odezhda.com/encyclopedia/gost-r- 50744-95-broneodezhda/.

[10] DSTU: 8782:2018. (2018). Retrieved from https://velmet.ua/dstu-8782-2018.html.

[11] Emergency Regulations (Leaving the Country) Ordinance. (1948, September). Retrieved from https://www.geocities.ws/savepalestinenow/emergencyregs/emergencyregs.htm.

[12] Gilad, A., Pecht, E., & Tishler, A. (2021). Intelligence, cyberspace, and national security. Defence and Peace Economics, 32(1), 18-45. doi: 10.1080/10242694.2020.1778966.

[13] Joskow, P.L. (2022). From scarcity to abundance: Government and private initiatives to manage the Allocation of N95 masks in the US during the COVID-19 pandemic. National Bureau of Economic Researchdoi: 10.3386/w29876.

[14] Kopanchuk, V.O. (2020). State policy in the field of national security and protection of public order. (PhD dissertation, National University of Civil Defence of Ukraine, Kharkiv, Ukraine).

[15] Lamping, M., Batista, P.H.D., Correa, J.I., Hilty, R.M., Kim, D., Slowinski, P.R., & Steinhart, M. (2023). Revisiting the framework for compulsory licensing of patents in the European Union – reflections on the European Commission’s Initiative. GRUR International, 72(5), 471-482. doi: 10.1093/grurint/ikad029.

[16] Law of Ukraine No. 143-V “On State Regulation of Activities in the Field of Technology Transfer”. (2006, September). Retrieved from https://ips.ligazakon.net/document/view/t060143?an=0&ed=2020_10_16.

[17] Law of Ukraine No. 2811-IX “On Copyright and Related Rights”. (2022, December). Retrieved from https://ips.ligazakon.net/document/T222811.

[18] Law of Ukraine No. 3687-XII “On Protection of Rights to Inventions and Utility Models”. (1993, December). Retrieved from https://ips.ligazakon.net/document/T368700?an=1.

[19] Law of Ukraine No. 3769-XII “On the Protection of Rights to Inventions and Utility Models”. (1993, December). Retrieved from https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/3687-12#Text.

[20] Livingston, E., Desai, A., & Berkwits, M. (2020). Sourcing personal protective equipment during the COVID-19 pandemic. Jama, 323(19), 1912-1914. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.5317.

[21] Martyuk, S.S. (2023). Stimulating the development and protection of intellectual property in Ukraine. (PhD dissertation, Zakhudno Ukrainian National University, Ternopil, Ukraine).

[22] Mehrotra, P., Malani, P., & Yadav, P. (2020). Personal protective equipment shortages during COVID-19 – supply chain – related causes and mitigation strategies. JAMA Health Forum, 1(5), article number 200553. doi: 10.1001/jamahealthforum.2020.0553.

[23] Mills, C. (2023). Military assistance to Ukraine since the Russian invasion. London: House of Commons Library.

[24] Munasinghe, U.J., & Halgamuge, M.N. (2023). Supply chain traceability and counterfeit detection of COVID-19 vaccines using novel blockchain-based Vacledger system. Expert Systems with Applications, 228, article number 120293. doi: 10.1016/j.eswa.2023.120293.

[25] Narlikar, A. (2021). Holding up a mirror to the World Trade Organisation: Lessons from the COVID-19 pandemic. Global Perspectives, 2(1), article number 24069. doi: 10.1525/gp.2021.24069.

[26] Neves, P.C., Afonso, O., Silva, D., & Sochirca, E. (2021). The link between intellectual property rights, innovation, and growth: A meta-analysis. Economic Modelling, 97, 196-209. doi: 10.1016/j.econmod.2021.01.019.

[27] Patent Act of Germany. (1980, December). Retrieved from https://www.wipo.int/wipolex/ru/legislation/details/21386.

[28] Raska, M., & Bitzinger, R.A. (Eds.). (2023). The AI wave in defence innovation: Assessing military artificial intelligence strategies, capabilities, and trajectories. New York: Routledge. doi: 10.4324/9781003218326.

[29] Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine dated August No. 771 “On Approval of the Technical Regulations of Personal Protective Equipment”. (2019, August). Retrieved from https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/771-2019-%D0%BF#Text.

[30] Rondinone, D., Godfrey, A.B., & Khamkar, A.A. (2021). Challenges in the supply chain for personal protective equipment (PPE) during Covid-19Journal of Textile & Apparel Technology & Management (JTATM), 12.

[31] Settembre-Blundo, D., González-Sánchez, R., Medina-Salgado, S., & García-Muiña, F.E. (2021). Flexibility and resilience in corporate decision making: A new sustainability-based risk management system in uncertain times. Global Journal of Flexible Systems Management, 22(2), 107-132. doi: 10.1007/s40171-021-00277-7.

[32] Sharma, G.D., Kraus, S., Srivastava, M., Chopra, R., & Kallmuenzer, A. (2022). The changing role of innovation for crisis management in times of COVID-19: An integrative literature review. Journal of Innovation & Knowledge, 7(4), article number 100281. doi: 10.1016/j.jik.2022.100281.

[33] The Defense Production Act. (1950, September). Retrieved from https://www.fema.gov/sites/default/files/2020-03/Defense_Production_Act_2018.pdf.

[34] Upadhyay, A. (2024). The unseen arsenal: IPRs as a weapon in armed conflicts. Journal of Intellectual Property Rights (JIPR), 29(2), 88-95. doi: 10.56042/jipr.v29i2.2655.

[35] Vdovichenko, V.A., & Zosimenko, T. (2021). Pandenomics of Europe: Political, economic and social challenges of vaccination against COVID-19. Retrieved from https://elibrary.kubg.edu.ua/id/eprint/36672/.

[36] Walsh, K., Wallace, A., Pavis, M., Olszowy, N., Griffin, J., & Hawkins, N. (2021). Intellectual property rights and access in crisis. IIC-International Review of Intellectual Property and Competition Law, 52, 379-416. doi: 10.1007/s40319-021-01041-1.

[37] Wolff, S., & Ladi, S. (2020). European Union responses to the covid-19 pandemic: Adaptability in times of permanent emergency. Journal of European Integration, 42(8), 1025-1040. doi: 10.1080/07036337.2020.1853120.

[38] Yurkiv, N., & Shemaev, V. (2023). The defense-industrial complex as a driver of the national economy. Social Development and Security, 13(6), 95-103. doi: 10.33445/sds.2023.13.6.9.

[39] Zaman, K. (2022). The waiver of certain intellectual property rights provisions of the TRIPS for the prevention, containment and treatment of COVID-19: A review of the proposal under WTO jurisprudence. European Journal of Risk Regulation, 13(2), 295-310. doi: 10.1017/err.2021.60.

[40] Zhuravlov, D., Anishchuk, V., Chyzhov, D., Pashynskyi, V., & Zaitsev, M. (2020). The defense-industrial complex as the basis of the national security of the State. Journal of Security & Sustainability Issues, 9(3). doi: 10.9770/jssi.2020.9.3(9).