Law. Human. Environment

Current issues of civil contracts concluded between citizens and economic entities of the state

Zhamila Arym kyzy, Upol Aitmamatova, Mirbek Karmyshakov, Munarym Pazylova, Aizhamal Zhusupova
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Abstract

The aim of the study was to identify current challenges in the performance of contractual obligations by the parties to civil contracts in the context of the Kyrgyz Republic. To achieve this aim, an online survey was administered to 100 respondents aged over 18 with experience of entering into civil contracts with economic entities of the state. The data revealed that civil contracts were most frequently concluded with banks (56%), state institutions (42%), utility services (17%) and landlords (16%). In most cases, contracts were signed without the involvement of legal experts and were preceded by independent examination of the proposed terms (62%). More than half of the respondents (51%) admitted that their knowledge was insufficient to objectively assess the quality of the proposed conditions. Superficial acquaintance with, or complete disregard of, contractual terms often resulted in breaches of contract, with successful litigation recorded in only 11% of cases reviewed. One in four respondents (26%) did not know, where to turn in the event of an infringement of their rights, while one in three (31%) knew but preferred not to approach the relevant authorities. Responses to open-ended questions helped to highlight the most pressing issues relating to civil contracts concluded between citizens and state economic entities: weak legal protection of citizens, formalism and bureaucracy in judicial and executive systems, insufficient digitalisation of contract processes, low levels of legal literacy among the population, limited access to pre-trial and judicial remedies, non-enforcement of court decisions, and challenges in the areas of tenancy and privatisation. Strategies proposed to address these problems included improving legal literacy, strengthening legal discipline, developing alternative dispute resolution mechanisms, enhancing legislation, reinforcing enforcement of judicial decisions, introducing anti-corruption measures within the justice system, and implementing digital solutions

Keywords

legal literacy; legal protection; digitalisation; bureaucracy; pre-trial settlement; standard contract; electronic digital signature

Suggested citation
Arym kyzy, Zh. , Aitmamatova, U., Karmyshakov, M., Pazylova, M., & Zhusupova, A. (2026). Current issues of civil contracts concluded between citizens and economic entities of the state. Law. Human. Environment, 17(2), 117-135. https://doi.org/10.31548/law/2.2026.117
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