The purpose of the study was to conduct a comparative international analysis of the legal regulation of tax benefits for the elderly, identify key challenges and differences in national approaches, and develop recommendations for optimising the legal mechanisms used to provide such benefits. The study conducted a comparative analysis of tax legislation and examined relevant legal frameworks. A systemic approach applied in the study enabled the consideration of legal, economic, and demographic factors affecting the effectiveness of tax incentives. The study demonstrated that Germany, Japan, and Kyrgyzstan applied different forms of tax relief for the elderly, including deductions for medical expenses, exemptions from property tax, reductions in taxable income, and tax incentives for caregiving. Notable differences were identified in the scale and implementation mechanisms of these measures. In Germany and Japan, tax benefits were closely integrated with social protection systems and consider demographic realities related to an ageing population. In contrast, Kyrgyzstan applied a more limited approach due to economic and administrative constraints. The findings highlighted the importance of a comprehensive and adaptive approach to granting tax relief, including the development of transparent implementation mechanisms, improved access to information for citizens, and regular monitoring of benefit effectiveness. International experience from Germany and Japan demonstrated the need to align tax policy with broader social protection strategies, including support for family-based care and the promotion of economic participation among older citizens. The practical value of the research lies in its recommendations for improving tax relief for elderly citizens through simpler procedures, better access to benefits, and stronger links with social protection policy
economic security; social policy; economic stability; demographic challenges; population ageing; economic context